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[Definitie:] "An ergogenic aid is any substance or phenomenon that enhances performance."
(Wilmore and Costill) 
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1 3 - 0 3 - 2 0 0 6 The effects of amino acid supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance training overreaching
William Kraemer, Nicholas Ratamess, Jeff Volek, Keijo Hakkinen, Martyn Rubin, Duncan French, Ana Gómez, Michael McGuigan, Timothy Scheett, Robert Newton, Barry Spiering, Mikel Izquierdo, Francesco Dioguardi Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of amino acid supplementation on muscular performance and resting hormone concentrations during resistance training overreaching. Seventeen resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to either an amino acid (AA) or a placebo (P) group and underwent 4 weeks of total-body resistance training designed to induce a state of overreaching. Participants assigned to the AA group ingested 0.4 g/kg per day TID of essential and conditionally essential amino acids (Big One, Professional Dietetics, Milan, Italy); alternately, participants in the P group received identical-looking capsules of powdered cellulose. Each participant was instructed to ingest the supplement separate from meals (1 hour before a meal and 2 hours after a meal). In relation to the exercise bout, supplement doses were taken 1 to 2 hours pre- and postexercise. The protocol consisted of two 2-week phases (phase 1, 3 sets of 8 exercises performed for 8-12 repetitions; phase 2, 5 sets of 5 exercises performed for 3-5 repetitions). Muscle strength and resting blood samples were determined before (T1) and at the end of each training week (T2-T5). [Tabel]
One-repetition maximum squat and bench press decreased at T2 in the P group but not in the AA group; both groups showed similar increases in strength at T3 to T5. Significant elevations in serum creatine kinase and uric acid were observed at T2 in the P group; the elevation in creatine kinase correlated highly to reductions in 1-repetition maximum squat.
Significant elevations in serum sex hormone–binding globulin were observed during overreaching in the P group from T2 to T5; this response was abolished in the AA group.
Significant reductions in total testosterone were observed in the P group at T4 compared with T1, and total testosterone values were higher for the AA group than for the P group from T2 to T4.
Serum 22-kd growth hormone concentrations were elevated at T2 to T5 in P group only. No differences were observed in resting cortisol and insulinlike growth factor 1. Hemoglobin concentrations were significantly reduced at T2 to T5 in the P group. These results indicate that the initial impact of high-volume resistance training is muscle strength reduction and hormonal/biochemical alterations. It appears that amino acid supplementation is effective for attenuating muscle strength loss during initial high-volume stress, possibly by reducing muscle damage by maintaining an anabolic environment. |
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![[Tabel]](images/training.aminozuren4.gif){kind=link}